The RAG toolchain: a minimum loop from data to evaluation

Treat RAG as a pipeline: data, chunking, indexing, retrieval, reranking, generation, and evaluation. Any stage can become the bottleneck.

From chat to agents: planning is the dividing line

An agent is more than a multi-turn chat interface: it maintains state, decomposes goals, uses tools, and recovers from failure.

An engineering view of trustworthy RAG

Trustworthy RAG is not a prompt. It is a system for traceable evidence, grounded answers, and abstention under uncertainty.